Patrimoniul arhitectural: aspecte legale, tehnice și economice

Abstract

The architectural heritage is one of the structural elements of the nation with an enormous energy potential for spiritual development and national consciousness in the multitude of nations, ethnic groups in the world; as well as an anchor in the wave of change generated by the globalization process. Every existing architectural monument is an open letter in which we read the stages of the development of the architectural culture and construction of those times. Through the architectural heritage, cities, churches, residential buildings, mansions and parks, in which Moldova is rich, previous generations have transmitted to us the love and pride for our homeland, for the achievements of our ancestors, and for the people. Only on the territory of Chisinau dozens of historic buildings await the restoration, they were created by great masters of the nineteenth century such as A. Bernardazzi, I.I. Spet, A. Melnikov, G. I. Toricelli, K. Zaushkevich, but also of the twentieth century: V.A. Voitsekhovsky, R.E. Kurz, V.P. Mednek, P.N. Ragulin, V.E. Kalushina, V.F. Smirnov, A.V. Shchusev and others. The preservation of architectural monuments in the Republic of Moldova has long exceeded the limits of a technical engineering problem. The research of the Republic of Moldova architectural heritage issues highlighted three interdependent directions, the omission of one of which generates the impossibility of preserving the architectural heritage for the new generations, they are: 1. legal perspective contains legislative and normative issues, including the implementation and compliance with the provisions of the legislation in force; 2. technique perspective includes the physical degradation and change of appearance, as well as the modalities, methods of conservation, rehabilitation, and restoration of architectural monuments; 3. economic and managerial perspective includes both the influence of socio-economic development of real estate market on the architectural heritage, and the possibilities of use, efficient management, inclusion in the economic circuit of architectural monuments. The issue of architectural heritage conservation was addressed narrowly by the civil society (through articles intended to raise public awareness) and by specialists in the field of architecture and urbanism (through projects won but without practical continuity), or administratively (imposing some ideas and / or solutions that were lucrative in some European countries, but absolutely unreasonable for the Republic of Moldova), this is a wrong way that does not improve the situation. In order to find feasible solutions, the problem of preserving the architectural heritage should be examined in the light of the systemic approach, in three basic directions, simultaneously from three points of view: legal, technical and economic. The paper includes a synthesis of the international and European legislative framework with reference to cultural heritage. Particular attention is paid to the aspects of protection, conservation, restoration and management. A new perspective on the value of architectural heritage through the prism of the theory of entropic value (EVT) is presented in the monograph. It explains the method to estimate the value of real estate based on EVT and how to valuate the architectural heritage from EVT point of view. The aspects of architectural heritage safeguarding that are examined in the paper include: an analysis of the international legislation regarding the tourist itineraries; a study of the international experience in capitalizing architectural heritage; a study of objects of cultural tourism heritage in the Republic of Moldova highlighting the criteria and requirements necessary for an itinerary to become highly requested; an analysis of the current situation in the Republic of Moldova regarding the architectural heritage; a study of the materials used in the conservation and restoration process, including the analysis of the presence and volume of traditional local materials of Moldovan origin; the wooden architecture heritage and successful examples of its restoration and conservation.